Fluid administration in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: neither too much nor too little

Abstract Introduction Intraoperative fluid therapy in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plays an important role in postoperative morbidity. Studies have found an association between overload fluid therapy and increased postoperative complications, advising restrictive intraoperative fluid therapy. Our objective in this study was to compare the morbidity associated with restrictive versus non-restrictive intraoperative fluid therapy. Methods Retrospective analysis of a database collected prospectively in the Anesthesiology Service of Virgen del Rocío Hospital, from December 2016 to April 2019. One hundred and six patients who underwent complete cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy were divided into two cohorts according to Fluid Therapy received 1. Restrictive ≤ 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 (34 patients), 2. Non-restrictive ≥ 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 (72 patients). Percentage of major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade III-IV) and length hospital stay were the main outcomes variables. Results Of the 106 enrolled patients, 68.9% were women; 46.2% had ovarian cancer, 35.84% colorectal cancer, and 7.5% peritoneal cancer. The average fluid administration rate was 11 ± 3.58 mL.kg-1.h-1. The restrictive group suffered a significantly higher percentage of Clavien-Dindo grade III-IV complications (35.29%) compared with the non-restrictive group (15.27%) (p= 0.02). The relative risk associated with restrictive therapy was 1.968 (95% confidence interval: 1.158-3.346). We also found a significant difference for hospital length of stay, 20.91 days in the restrictive group vs 16.19 days in the non-restrictive group (p= 0.038). Conclusions Intraoperative fluid therapy restriction below 9 mL.kg-1.h-1 in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy was associated with a higher percentage of major postoperative complications.

Índice de Briones y delta de CO 2 como pronóstico en choque hipovolémico-traumático / Briones index and CO 2 delta as prognosis in hypovolemic traumatic shock / Indíce de Briones e delta de CO 2 como prognóstico no choque hipovolêmico-traumático

Resumen: Antecedentes: El choque hemorrágico conduce a la disminución del suministro de oxígeno, disminución de la perfusión tisular, hipoxia celular, daño celular, síndrome de disfunción multiorgánica y muerte. Está demostrado que existen diferentes escalas pronósticas y determinaciones bioquímicas que permiten identificar al paciente en riesgo. Objetivo: Establecer la correlación que existe entre el índice de Briones (IB), delta de CO2 (ΔCO2) y la disfunción orgánica en pacientes con choque hipovolémico traumático. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, retrospectivo, comparativo y analítico; participaron 46 pacientes, se evaluaron variables demográficas, presión oncótica, IB, diferencia arteriovenosa de CO2, escalas pronósticas y seguimiento a 48 horas con puntos de desenlace: mortalidad y disfunción orgánica. Resultados: La distribución por género fue 41% mujeres y 59% hombres. La edad promedio: 38 ± 14.6 años. La clasificación del choque hipovolémico fue: clase I: 7%, clase II: 39%, clase III: 24%, clase IV: 30%; IB: 0.25 ± 0.07 mmHg, DB: -7.9 ± 5.2 mmol/L, lactato: 3.01 ± 2.2 mmol/L, ΔCO2: 6.98 ± 4.6 mmHg. La mortalidad a las 48 horas: 10.8%. Trauma score: 9 ± 3 puntos; SOFA: 6 ± 3 puntos. Lesión renal aguda (LRA): 41%. ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg mostró sensibilidad 0.91 y especificidad 0.54 como predictor de mortalidad, se identificó el mejor punto de corte > 10.5 mmHg (0.96 y 0.98 respectivamente, p < 0.001, intervalo de confianza IC 0.988-1.0; área bajo la curva ABC 0.998). Conclusiones: Este estudio demostró que ΔCO2 es un marcador con impacto en la mortalidad y escalas pronósticas de SOFA y trauma score. El IB puede emplearse como pronóstico en pacientes que desarrollarán LRA dentro de las primeras 48 horas de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con una adecuada significancia estadística.

Abstract: Background: Hemorrhagic shock leads to decrease in oxygen supply, decreased tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia, cell damage, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. It is shown that there are different prognostic scales and biochemical determinations that identify the patient at risk. Aim: To establish the correlation between the Briones index, ΔCO2 and organ dysfunction in patients with traumatic hypovolemic shock. Material and methods: A transversal, retrospective, comparative and analytical study; from January 2015 to May 2016, involving 46 patients diagnosed with traumatic hypovolemic shock who were admitted to the intensive care unit of the General Hospital La Villa. We evaluated demographic variables, oncotic presion, Briones index, arteriovenous difference of CO2. We prognostic and monitoring 48 hours with descenlace points: mortality and organic dysfunction. Results: Of the 46 study participants represented gender: female 41%, men 59%. The average age: 38 ± 14.6 years. Hypovolemic shock classification based deficit represented: class I: 7%, class II: 39%, class III: 11 24%, class IV: 30%; IB: 0.25 ± 0.07 mmHg, DB: -7.9 ± 5.2 mmol/L, lactate: 3.01 ± 2.2 mmol/L, ΔCO2: 6.98 ± 4.6 mmHg. Mortality at 48 hours: was 10.8%. Trauma score 9 ± 3 points; SOFA: 6 ± 3 points. Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 41%. ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg showed sensitivity 0.91 and specificity 0.54 as a predictor of mortality, the highest cutpoint 10.5 mmHg was identified with 0.96 and 0.98 respectively (p < 0.001, confidence interval IC 0.988-1.0; area under the curve AUC 0.998). Conclusions: This study showed that ΔCO2 is a marker with impact on mortality and prognostic scales and Trauma SOFA score. The IB can be used as a prognostic in patients who developed Acute kidney injury (AKI) within the first 48 hours of stay in the ICU with adequate statistical significance.

Resumo: Antecedentes: O choque hemorrágico conduz à uma diminuição do suprimento de oxigênio, diminuição da perfusão tecidual, hipóxia celular, danos às células, síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e morte. Está demonstrado que há diferentes escalas de prognóstico e determinações bioquímicas que identificam o paciente em risco. Objetivo: Estabelecer a correlação entre o índice de Briones (IB), Delta do CO2(ΔCO2) e disfunção orgânica em pacientes com choque hipovolêmico traumático. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, comparativo e analítico; paticiparam 46 pacientes, foram avaliadas variáveis demográficas, pressão oncótica, IB, diferença artério-venosa de CO2, escalas de prognóstico e monitorização às 48 horas com os resultados: disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e mortalidade. Resultados: O gênero representou: sexo feminino (41%), sexo masculino (59%). Idade média: 38 ± 14.6 anos. A classificação do choque hipovolêmico foi: classe I: 7%, classe II: 39%, classe III: 24%, classe IV: 30%; IB: 0.25 ± 0.07 mmHg, DB: -7.9 ± 5.2 mmol/L, lactato: 3.01 ± 2.2 mmol/L, ΔCO2: 6.98 ± 4.6mmHg. A mortalidade às 48 horas: 10.8%. Trauma score: 9 + 3 pontos; SOFA: 6 ± 3 pontos. LRA: 41%. ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg mostrou sensibilidade 0.91 e especificidade 0.54 como preditor de mortalidade, se identificou uma coorte > 10.5 mmHg (0.96 e 0.98, respectivamente, p 0.001, intervalo de confiança IC 0.988-1.0; área sob a curva ABC 0.998). Conclusões: Este estudo demonstrou que ΔCO2 é um marcador com impacto na mortalidade e nas escalas de prognóstico SOFA e Trauma score. O IB pode ser usado como um prognóstico em pacientes que desenvolveram LRA nas primeiras 48 horas de internação na UTI com uma adequada significância estatística.